Accounting - 1817 Words

We carefully examined and evaluated your financial statements in 2011 and identified several accounting policies and procedures inconsistent with U.S. GAAP. To better present the net income of your company, we provide the various recommendations for you to revalue your revenues and expenses in the following statements. Inappropriate revenue recognition criteria and policies (should change revenue recognition method or change the allowance estimation, 2011 allowance amount should be larger than 2010 due to larger AR and the difficulty that the artist been through) WAG records revenue from artwork sales when the Company and customer agree upon a selling price. This criterion does not conform to U.S. GAAP, which requires revenue be†¦show more content†¦Even though Stephen has certain art knowledge, but this measurement is still subjective and unreliable. According to U.S. GAAP, the designated market value should be the middle value of three amounts: replacement cost, net realizable value, and net realizable value less a normal profit margin. Hence, we suggest WAG re-evaluate the market value of the artworks using the designated market value method. * Ignorance of obsolescence of inventory WAG has extensive but aging inventory, which are probably to be obsolescent. WAG should consider to write off the inventory by the amount of the difference between their cost and market value. Therefore, there will be an impairment loss on inventory. WAG’s net income is overstated by ignoring the obsolescence of inventory. Improper expenses on 2011’s income statement The salary expense in 2011 is $29,500, which includes both Rob and Stephen’s annual salaries. Exhibit 1 tells us that Rob’s salary is $28,000(30,000-2,000). So we can calculate Stephen’s annual salary is only $1,500, which is quite unreasonable. There should not be such a huge difference between the two co-founders’ salaries. Therefore, WAG’s salary expense is understated and the net income is overstated. Salary should not be deducted because the deduction of the salary will lead to higher net income. Rob will get more compensation by 5 times of the net income. Dividend expense should appear on theShow MoreRelatedAccounting1024 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1:   * Proficient-level:   * There are several important functions performed in an organization, among which accounting is one of them. Define the accounting function and discuss how it differs from double-entry bookkeeping. Answer: According to the Dictionary of Accounting Terms, Accounting is defined as a one step process of recording, measuring, interpreting and communicating financial data by preparing financial statements in order to reflect financial condition and operatingRead MoreAccounting753 Words   |  4 PagesCampbellsville University School of Business and Economics SYLLABUS Course Title: ACC 601 Managerial Accounting Semester/Dates: Graduate Term 1: August 29, 2011 – October 23, 2011 (Traditional MBA) Meetings: Thursday (6:00 PM – 10:00 PM), AD 25 Faculty: Dr. Sunny Onyiri Office: AD 29-b Phone: (502) 365 4424 Read MoreAccounting Analysis On Management Accounting Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesManagement Accounting Introduction: Management accounting technique is the procedure of understanding, analyzing, exam, calculating, deciphers, and transfers the verbal data to chase of company objectives. The section of bookkeeping is called as cost accounting. The difference between the financial and managerial bookkeeping data is the goal at assist the administrators inside the corporation to create choice as per their situations. Even as economic bookkeeping is intended at giving data to gatheringRead MoreFinancial Accounting And Managerial Accounting1613 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Both financial accounting and managerial accounting provide important information about the business process. On the one hand, financial accounting provides only financial information to its internal users and external users. On the other hand, managerial accounting basically communicates about financial and non-financial information with internal users such as managers, employees and owners of the company. In other words, manag erial accounting provides information to managers who directRead MoreAccounting7049 Words   |  29 PagesAcct 340-Midterm Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Which of the following is NOT a process associated with an accounting information system? |a. |auditing existing data | |b. |collecting and recording data | |c. |providing informationRead MoreAccounting Theory And Management Accounting2580 Words   |  11 PagesThough forms of managerial accounting practices can be traced back decades, centuries even, management accounting used to be regarded as a financial tool, advantageous for the financial managers. However, over the past three decades views on management accounting have changed. As Kaplan (1994) states management accounting theory has experienced a revolution in both theory and practice with the development of new innovations. Through advances in information technology, more competitive markets andRead MoreAccounting Analysis : Management Accounting2168 Words   |  9 Pages MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Author’s Name Course Name Professor’s Name Due Date MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Accounting is a way of measuring a business s financial performance through maintaining records and analyzing them. Financial accounting system produces reports that are generally intended for external stakeholders to evaluate a business. Management accounting is used to provide internal information that management uses in order to assess performance toward goals and objectives. FinancialRead MoreAccounting Scandals And Enron Accounting Scandal1596 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: In this research paper I will be examining accounting scandals, specifically the Enron Accounting Scandal. First, I will be exploring the history of Enron. Then I will be going into further depth on what accounting issues Enron faced and then I will be explaining what a derivative is. Finally yet importantly, I will consider the different types of Accounting Fraud following a conclusion. Accounting Scandals are born due to collective greed and corporate arrogance. InRead MoreManagerial Accounting Is A Discipline Within The Accounting1541 Words   |  7 PagesManagerial accounting is a discipline within the accounting community that focuses on providing valuable information to the leaders of their organization. The importance of the community relies on its ability to provide information that is not readily found in traditional financial statements developed in the accounting department for reporting to outside agencies. Activity-based management utilizes information developed u sing activity-based costing (ABC) to accurately determine product costs.Read MoreAccounting Practices And The Field Of Accounting1393 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to the authoritative resources in the field of Accounting In the era of technological advances, access to information of any subject is abundant. With this vast array of information to tap into, the credibility of the material presented becomes questionable. But throughout history, there are sources of material that have been highly regarded. These sources include Scholarly peer reviewed journals, Trade publications, and information presented by respected institutions or organizations

How Art Relates to Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian...

How Art Relates to Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray is a novel about a young, handsome, and vain man who has his portrait painted, and impulsively wishes that he could forever remain just as handsome as he is in the painting -- that the painting would age instead of him. He gets his wish in a most eerie way; as, with passing years, he becomes increasingly dissolute and evil, while the changes that one would expect to appear on his face are reflected in the portrait instead. What this book is about, clearly, is feelings and appearances becoming real. This motif is echoed and re-echoed throughout the book. Early in the novel, Sir Henry Wotten -- a cynical†¦show more content†¦Similarly, Lord Henry observes of Dorian that Ordinary people waited till life disclosed to them its secrets, but to the few, to the elect, the mysteries of life were revealed before the veil was drawn away. Sometimes this was the effect of art, and chiefly of the art of literature, which dealt immediately with the passions and the intellect. But now and then a complex personality took the place and assumed the office of art, was indeed, in its way, a real work of art, life having its elaborate masterpieces, just as poetry has, or sculpture, or painting (Wilde, 72). Dorian, Lord Henry is arguing, actually is a plastic, organic work of art, in a continual state of progress. Yet if Dorian is a work of art, the painting is real life. It is clear that the only character in the book who is consistently honest and straightforward is the painting, which reflects the changes that Dorians own face should reflect as his personality becomes more and more evil. Here Wilde may be reflecting his own interest in a turn-of-the-century movement in art and literature known as Decadence -- a movement which disavowed the existence of wholesomeness and purity in the world, and perceived only evil and corruption. Seen in this sense, The Picture of Dorian Gray becomes a psychological study of a nature – and of an art movement -- which was dominated by a passion for sin. The persona Oscar WildeShow MoreRelatedThe Influences of Oscar Wilde The Picture of Dorian Gray1582 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influences of Oscar Wilde Throughout his life Oscar Wilde had many strong influences exerted upon him. During his early childhood his mother influenced him and into college some of his professors and certain philosophers left a substantial impression upon him. Into adulthood these influences leaked out in his writing. These influences gave him ample ideas for writing The Picture of Dorian Gray. Wildes study of the Hellenistic ideals of Epicurus, his coddled lifestyle as a child and his devotionRead MoreModern Society as a Reflection of the Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde1460 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as Oscar Wilde’s only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray have incited modern adaptations and the appropriation of these texts into modern culture. This text display cultural and literary disciplines entrenched in superficial concepts that have since become common in today’s shallow society. Contemporary texts such as the 2004 film The League Of Extraordinary Gentlemen (based on the comic book o f the same name) directed by Stephen Norrington, not only visualise the character of Dorian Gray but alsoRead MoreModern Society As A Reflection Of The Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde1432 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as Oscar Wilde’s only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray have incited modern adaptations and the appropriation of these texts into modern culture. This text display cultural and literary disciplines entrenched in superficial concepts that have since become common in today’s shallow society. Contemporary texts such as the 2004 film The League Of Extraordinary Gentlemen (based on the comic book of the same name) directed by Stephen Norrington, not only visualise the character of Dorian Gray but alsoRead MoreThe Theme of Decadence in the Picture of Dorian Grey by Oscar Wilde1553 Words   |  7 PagesThe theme of decadence in The Picture of Dorian Grey by Oscar Wilde Staring from the definition found in the dictionary, the decadence is a literary movement especially of late 19th-century France and England characterized by refined aestheticism, artifice, and the quest for new sensations. [1] In decadence, important is not necessarily what is seen, but the hermeneutics: what man feels when he sees the creative result of this feeling. It is the current that requires a co-operationRead MoreOscar Fingal O Flahertie Wilde1533 Words   |  7 Pagesn Dublin, Ireland, Oscar Fingal O’Flahertie Wilde was born on October 16, 1864. His two parents were William Wilde, a Victorian doctor, and Jane Francesca Elgee, an artistic revolutionary. They also gave birth Willie Wilde and Isola Wilde, who eventually died at the age of ten. Overall, Wilde grew up in a family full of intelligence and creativity. Because Wilde was raised with many intellectuals in his environment, he had the advantage of an advanced education beyond his years. As an eleven yearRead More Essay on Picture of Dorian Gray: The Character of Lord Henry Wotten1670 Words   |  7 PagesWotten of The Picture of Dorian Gray  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The purpose of this essay is to explore the character of Lord Henry Wotten, from The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde. Oscar Wilde once said: I only know that Dorian Gray is a classic and deservedly. With this in mind, this essay is aimed at looking at how Lord Henry Wotton manipulates various conversations and how he effects the story with his challenging speeches, which is the reason The Picture of Dorian Gray is a classic.Read MoreOscar Wilde s The Picture Of Dorian Gray1998 Words   |  8 PagesRackshana Sithirasenan Mr. Cimetta ENG4U1-01 24 November 2014 Dorian’s Pursuit Towards Hedonism Dorian Gray once told Henry The soul . . . can be bought, and sold. It can be poisoned, or made perfect (Wilde 213). Likewise, it would not be beneficial for one to sacrifice their soul with an exception of exchanging it in order to attain perfection. Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray explores the themes and ideologies of Hedonism and Aestheticism. Hedonists believe that pleasure is the mostRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1504 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuality, one chooses to be in the known without any life consequences, thus causing one to sacrifice their true self and abandon their morals, and as a result it alters one as a person to be someone who they truly aren’t. Motif: In Oscar Wilde’s novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde uses motifs in the novel to hint to readers what he finds important to look for. One of the many repetitive motifs used in the novel is the color white and the various forms that white takes. The color white is also synonymousRead MoreThe Effects Of Victorian Society s Unrealistic Expectations Of The Individual887 Words   |  4 PagesThis source is an essay examining how Wilde shows â€Å"the impact of Victorian society’s unrealistic expectations of the individual† in both The Importance of Being Earnest and The Picture of Dorian Gray. In the article, she talks about gender roles and societal expectations along with the ways characters in the play conform to or reject them. Although the essay is written by a student at McKendree University, the writing is not difficult to understand. This essay is well-documented and seems unbiasedRead MoreWhen Art Imitates Art757 Words   |  3 PagesMusic and L iterature On an everyday basis the world around us offers us a great deal of information and variety, of enlightening art and the dumbing down entertainment. Many people have fallen into the trap of dismissing anything that is not considered fine art as culturally and intellectually inferior. The restrictive nature of this approach leaves us with an elitist viewpoint and a sense of supremacy. And when talking about supremacy, whether it is white, black or even cultural, it is in no way

Women College Management

Question: Write an Essay on Social Forces article about womens college in the United States? Answer: Introduction Women education was typically provided within the family. With time, the culture of United States changed and women education become an integral part of the education system. There are specific women college in United States where only women can study and there are co-education colleges where both men and women can study. With the improvement in the education system, the number of co-education colleges increased in USA and other parts of the world. The term heterogeneity refers to single sex women's colleges and homogeneity refers to co-educational colleges. It can be said that the trend in education sector has been shifting from homogeneity to heterogeneity (Spring, 2013). The objective of this paper is to discuss and analyze the historical trends of American college education from early 1940s to the present, in terms of co-education and single-sex education. Analysis The formal education of girls and women began in the middle of the 19th century and was intimately tied to the conception that society had of the appropriate role for women to assume in life. The historical trends in women education from early 1940s to present would see a transformation from single sex women colleges to co-educational colleges. From 1940 to now, the number of single sex women's colleges have reduced drastically. Today women are an integral part of the society and the education system of the country has changed to include women in higher education system (Alonso, 2005). There has been a fundamental change in education system of USA from 1940s to now. 1940s was the time when women had limited presence in higher education system. The education for women was limited to primary and secondary stages only. With time, the trend of higher education for women emerged, and today women have good presence in higher education segment. With this, the trend of heterogeneity also eme rged against homogeneity. In the current environment, it can be seen that women have a good amount of presence in higher education segment in the co-education system. Before the world war 2 of before 1940, the college system in USA was male dominant. It means that the colleges were mainly attended by male students and female students had very limited participation in the colleges. In fact some of the very large are reputed universities in the USA had courses specifically designed only for male population. After 1940, a change was observed in this trend. With the end of world war, a new education system was formulated in USA. This new education system provided equal capabilities and opportunities to women. There was a change in the outlook of universities also (Johansen, 2006). After 1940s, universities also started to launch the educational course on co-educational platform. One of the reasons for this change was an increase in the awareness. Another reason was the liberal nature of the society. After the World War 2, the society become more liberal and women started to enjoy more freedom in the society. This freedom is prevalent today also as wom en are encouraged to pursue higher education in co-educational platform. Between heterogeneity and homogeneity, the aspect of the population of American colleges that is more salient has changed with time. Historically homogeneity was more prevailed as women had limited freedom. However, with time, women started to enjoy more freedom. As of today, heterogeneity is a salient aspect. In the current environment, education is not dependent on the gender of students. I would say that it is a good thing for American people. With heterogeneity, the American culture has evolved and it has brought both men and women at a same education platform where they can get access to same level of education. It can be said that heterogeneity has emerged as a crucial organizational function for organizations operating in education industry in USA. It would be correct to say that American colleges have changed a lot between homogeneityand heterogeneity over the decades but the good thing is that this change has been only one dimension in nature and this has not been a cyclic change. For example, the change from homogeneity to heterogeneity is observed with time. With change the society or educational institution of USA have reached a stage of heterogeneity. It is very unlikely that this heterogeneity would vanish and the education system in USA would reach for homogeneity. It appears that women would continue to enjoy their education rights in co-education system platform. It can be said that heterogeneity in the US education system could be explained with the help of institutional theory. The advocates of this theory suggests that a change in the society is based on number of factors. The institutional theory would suggest that the condition of women changed after 1940s because society got a wide outlook. The social barrier were removed and women started to enjoy their fundamental rights. As a result, there was a difference in the education levels of women also. This theory focuses on the deeper and moreresilientaspects of social structure. It considers the processes by which structures, including schemes; rules, norms, and routines, become established as authoritative guidelines for social behavior. The establishment of co-education platform of system could be explained with the means of institutional theory. After the World War 2, a change was observed in entire social system of USA. This change could be explained with institutional theory. The change in the US society was more of an open change. Post 1940, women started to enjoy more rights in US society and the same was also reflected in the education domain. The norms of society also changed after 1940s and as a result, the role of women evolved. Before 1940, women was not given due freedom and independence but this norm changed after 1940. It can be said that the social norms led to the establishment of a fair and equal educational system in USA with equal opportunities to women. The i nstitutional theory can be used to explain the way co-education system was established in USA. There are certain mechanism or reasons that led to the establishment of heterogeneity culture or establishment of co-education system. One of the most important mechanism is the equal opportunity to men and women. With time, the society of USA advanced and as a result, the differences between men and women reduced. As a result, women also get equal opportunity. The equal opportunity was observed not only in social or political sector but also in educational sector. I believe that it is a good thing if men and women can study together under the same set of rules and law. The co-education system of platform is a mean to provide equal opportunities and chances to both male and female students. Moreover, male and female students also learns from the experiences of other students. Therefore it is important that an open system of education could be established where both male and female students can get best class education. The same system was established in USA after 1940 (Dolgin, 2002). It is a good thing that the same system is established until today only. I believe that it is a good thing that coming generations would also get access to co-education system where the students would not be differentiated based on their gender. Again, institutional theory has helped to explain this transformation. The transformation that could be observed in the educational sector could be observed as a by-product of transformation in social and political system o f USA. It is also good that American people or society has acknowledged this change. It means that male and female students have also liked the idea to study together. Going forward, it is important that male and female students should learn to study together under the same educational platform. I believe that the co-education system of education is a good system for American society. It would be good if all the students can learn the means and ways to learn from the experience of other students. The co-education system of education or heterogeneity structure is also better because best learning is learning from people. Conclusion The above paper discussed the heterogeneity and homogeneity for education sector in USA. With the above discussion, it can be said that the education system of USA has evolved from a structure based on homogeneity to an education structure based on heterogeneity. The historical trend of single-sex education has changed to co-education system of education. In the current environment, it can be said that heterogeneity structure of education is more salient. This salient structure could also be attributed to an open culture that has been established in last few decades. The institutional theory can help to explain this transformation from single sex education to an education structure based on heterogeneity. The institutional theory would explain that the education system in USA developed, evolved and transformed due to development in other areas of the society like social and political development. After the 1940, the social system of USA evolved and matured. The impact of this social and political transformation was also observed in the educational sector or education domain and as a result, the traditional single sex system of education was transformed to co-education system of education. References Hurst, J., Johansen, I. (2006). The changing landscape of single-sex education. School Law Bulletin, 45, 1,23 Mael, F., Alonso, A., Gibson, D., Rogers, K., Smith, M. (2005). Single-sex versus coeducational schooling: A systematic review. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development, Policy and Program Studies Service. Rice, F. P., Dolgin, K. G. (2002). The adolescent: Development, relationships and culture (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Spring, J. (2013). Deculturalization and the struggle for equality: A brief history of the education of dominated cultures in the United States.Instructor.

Macbeth, Darkness Essays (713 words) - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth, Darkness Late Night With Macbeth In Shakespeare's play, Macbeth, darkness and night play a major role. Many deaths and other major events occur during this time. Macbeth is overwhelmed by power and feels he is unstoppable. There is something about the absence of light that makes people act different. Macbeth fell into this category and sees he is not the same man he usually is during the day. Macbeth is at his best and his worse during this time period. Dependent on darkness, guiltfull disorder and surrounding effects. The life of Macbeth and his wife revolved around darkness. Macbeth depends heavily on darkness. Most of his actions occur during the night. Macbeth uses this time to cover his evil actions and intentions. He and Lady Macbeth plot and plan their evil deeds at night so heaven can not see their doings. The darkness it self also assists their planning. Come thick night/ And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, / That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, / Nor heaven peep through the blanket of dark. (1.5 48-51) The only way Lady Macbeth sees she can complete her deeds is with the help of hell and darkness. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth fell that if there were no darkness their plans would never arise. Guilt is a felling of remorse when you have done something wrong and can not get it off your mind. It will haunt you until something is done about it, guilt may be the worst felling that can be felt by a person. Disorder is felt when you do not understand your surroundings, the most common items will seem confusing. There are many examples of guilt and disorder in Shakespeare's play, Macbeth. Macbeth and his wife are unable to sleep at night because of their felling of guilt. Macbeth says 'I have murdered sleep' meaning he has killed the king during his sleep and he will sleep no longer. We find out Lady Macbeth kills her self because her overwhelmed felling of guilt. This tragic death also occurs because of her disordered behavior of sleep walking. Macbeth feels there should be a destruction of all moral laws that prevent him from doing evil. His guilt builds inside him which possesses him to continue his wrong doings. Come seeling night/ Scaf up the tender eye of pitiful day, / And with thy bloody and invisible hand/ Cancel and tear the great bond/ Which keeps me pale (3.2 46- 52) Macbeth begins to believe he can hide his murders from daylight. Macbeth is in so much disorder that he is unable to recognize Banquo's ghost. He is unable to realize that his illusions really are a reflection of guilt. Macbeth plays a major role on the effect of his surroundings. Each new morn/ New windows howl, new orphans cry, new sorrows/ Strike heaven on the face, that it resounds/ As if it felt with Scotland (4.3 4-7) Macduff's comment reflects the overall felling of sorrow and remorse in Scotland. Macbeth has such a great impact that if the chaos is not caused personally others would follow his example. It is unknown to Macbeth how great of an impact he has on his people. During the night Macbeth wreaks havoc and when morning arose Scotland mourns a loss of a king. Macbeth's actions are unnatural and brutal like a wild animal. Tis unnatural/ On Tuesday last/ A falcon towering in her pride of place/ Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed. (2.4 11-14) Macbeth, unable to sleep plans his evil intentions. Macbeth relies and depends on darkness. As the play progresses Macbeth began to see night as a friend or guide. Most of his actions are planned during this time, sometimes with the help of Lady Macbeth. The guilt he bares is so much that he and Lady Macbeth are unable to sleep. He causes a major upset in Scotland but also many people fallow in his footsteps. His intent to be king snowballed into a massacre, which led to his killing. Shakespeare creates a dark play about murder and evil. He shows what a man consumed by darkness can do to an entire kingdom and himself. Shakespeare Essays

Symbolic Interactionism theory is concerned with the ‘sociology of the everyday ‘and focused on individual experience and issues of identity. The WritePass Journal

Symbolic Interactionism theory is concerned with the ‘sociology of the everyday ‘and focused on individual experience and issues of identity. Introduction Symbolic Interactionism theory is concerned with the ‘sociology of the everyday ‘and focused on individual experience and issues of identity. IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction The role theory began when symbolic interactionism became part of Erving Goffman’s interest. His interest was observing individuals, groups in certain situations and settings rather than a social theorist and analysis through his work. (Birrell, Donnelly, 2004) He developed an interest in reactions that focused on facial expressions, body language. This can be shown in sporting ways through Erving Goffman being known as more of an observer rather than a social theorist.   The theory began to emerge when Goffman realised symbolic interaction between groups in certain settings. Goffman’s approach was not developed on theory but on analysis of the interaction order such as, social situations or environments in which two or more individuals are physically in one another’s presence (Goffman Reader, p. 235). Symbolic Interactionism reveals the truth behind people’s actual role by observing their emotions, expressions it showed through their theatrical performa nces (Weiss, 2001) Out of all the sociologists Goffman was the only sociologist who found interaction from individuals through groups and one to one. Goffman was criticized for being unusual in his work as Goffman worked on essays rather than research as sociologists were expected to be known as a researcher. Critics found his work difficult to comprehend and this made situations complicated. Gouldner, (1970) discovered that Goffman was not interested in power, social class or social structure. Goffman took the criticism well that he was unable to talk about macro-concerns.   These are the situations where we spend much or most of our life – in face-to-face activities involving others, whether these be everyday social situations, situations within organized structures (jobs, school), or unusual social situations (accidents, weddings, funerals). Goffman excels at observation, description, and insight, analyzing how people interpret and act in ordinary situations, and he prov ides guidelines concerning how to examine social situations. One of my colleagues recently read some articles by Goffman, noting how he sometimes became overly formal in his writings, and suggested that it is unfortunate the Goffman did not become a novelist rather than a sociologist. Key terms that relate to Symbolic Interactionism; are, ‘self’ which are known as ourselves, identity, personality or in terms of identity finding what and where the person is in social terms (Vryan, Adler Adler, 2003). Finding identity is through situations (Vryan, et al, 2003). The term ‘I’ meaning the actual individual itself, can be understood as the person being the person, could possibly mean the same thing as ‘self’. In relation to identity there are many issues with this term as identity can often be deceived when amongst other people. Nevertheless the person deceiving themselves may or may not be conscious of this role act always trying to impress others to be accepted. The way the theory can help sport sociologists understands social relations in various ways are observing roles that people play through experiences success through society’s attention, through its approval or disapproval (Weiss, 2001). Being approved for the pers on you are is a feeling of acceptance and feeling like you are essentially a part of a group, however if not feeling accepted this can influence the person to then act a different role or attempt to change personality traits which is clearly impossible.   Self – recognition can only happen through internal belief that acknowledgement has been met by others. Humans are creating each other all the time through the experiences being produced. Therefore in terms of sport, the athlete being acknowledged by surroundings and the media is through the success or been unsuccessful that the athlete has made in certain performances. The reason for change in these situations are doubts about ‘self’ not having enough self-esteem to come face to face with situations and individuals that are more of a threat. Self- esteem is found through identity reinforcement or social recognition. Self- awareness is developed in confidence in this self-esteem and encouragement from an indiv idual with the way the change takes place is recognised by others in the relationship to the self (Weiss, 2001). The positive that can be taken from this theory is that Goffman was aware of his surroundings. Goffman was criticised in his lack of knowledge when it came to macro-concerns. Functionalism and Marxism use strengths in this theory by functionalism being positive, appreciative about reality in society. Whereas Marxism is positive in revealing the truth to people therefore Erving would have experienced these approaches/theories during his observations. The strength that can be taken from Goffman is his awareness of people around him, and he emphasised this in his work so that people would be aware of existing roles being played. Goffman was able to observe certain situations such as, impression management, role distance and face work (Birrell et al., 2004). This relates to functionalism by showing a positive insight into peoples demeanour with values which is reflected throu gh identity reinforcement (Weiss, 2001). Functionalism through socialisation had a way of learning norms and values. The way the theory has applied sport is through the connection of society which forms identity reinforcement or acceptance.   Identity creates groups, specific sporting roles, and individuals in sporting performance (Weiss, 2001). Nevertheless in today’s society, there are many sporting issues that can be a barrier to forming an identity or being accepted. Issues that can arise in sports are sexism, racism, social class which mainly affect sporting performance being excluded or isolated from a group. For example, not being situated in the right class, a lower class member of society interesting in playing tennis but unable to, as there is low income from peers. Class associations have a long duration effect on economic inequality on people’s lives that has led to various amounts of wealth and power, which is to say to differing classes. (Bourdieu, 1978) Being acknowledged through an assigned role that is dependent at birth determines age, sex, background and even social class (Weiss, 2001). For example, being accepted for the way you look and behave is acknowledged in this area that allows the person to be a part of the team. To be specific, female footballers are accepted playing in their team due to their ability and not to do with their gender (Weiss, 2001) Developing self-esteem is followed throughout the sporting life of a performer which influences the behaviour of an individual. Recognition can be found through a specific role or function. In sport, there is a certain link between the class and sport that the participant plays. Another sporting example is recognition as a member of a group. Acceptance in a group states that th e member is part of the team due to being a popular member or being good at the role their given whilst playing the sport. Through acceptance it is by intimacy and symbolic ritual, the understanding between members of a groups that builds trust and close friendships (Weiss, 2001). This is met on the pitch and after the game at social events, especially with the bonding happening, it may demonstrate the connection on the pitch as well as off the pitch. Each and every one of the member of the team represents an individual of themselves. Even so the individuals are working towards their roles to make an impact of unity and belonging. However, the collapse in keeping a smooth interaction or even worse rejecting to act with others, gives Erving Goffman an opportunity to analyse the situation. An example that problems are accounted for are experienced in sports by not giving people a chance to express their speciality need, that gives the person their identity. The people being rejected a re willing to impress the ones who avoid their presence. Women being rejected for wanting to play football, this would look deviant to some people. Apparently women are supposed to play in sports such as, gymnastics, diving. This is more appropriate for women to be taking part in this activity rather than playing a game of football or rugby. This is the way male critics and some women who may not have any experience with football. Looking at this in a sporting way arguing on both sides of the situation, women being involved in football could help men understand the meaning of fairness and equality. Also ways in which to control behaviours on the pitch in a more controlled manner as women can bring good to the game. Birrell et al., 2004) supports the point by stating that women are best suitable in unnerved situations, well if that is the case then this can be demonstrated on the pitch especially in situations such as, penalty kicks, the build up to the penalty kick can be very intimidating and terrifying but if there is the support from other members of the groups and naturally being calm, it can put the situation at ease. References Weiss, O. (2001) Identify reinforcement in sport: revisiting the symbolic interactionalist Legacy, International review for the sociology of sport; 36; 393 Birrell, S. and Donnelly, P. (2004) Reclaiming Goffman: Erving Goffman’s influence on the sociology of sport. In: Giulianotti, R. (2004) Sport and modern social theorists, pp. 49-64, New York: Palgrave Bourdieu, P. (1978) ‘Sport and Social Class’, Social Science information 17: 819-40. Gouldner, A. (1970) The coming crisis of western sociology, New York: Basic books. In: Birrell, S. and Donnelly, P. (2004) Reclaiming Goffman: Erving Goffman’s influence on the sociology of sport. In: Giulianotti, R. (2004) Sport and modern social theorists, pp. 49-64, New York: Palgrave Vryan, KD, Adler PA Adler P, (2003) Identity in: Reynolds LT Merman- Kinney NJ. Handbook of symbolic interactionism. Lanham: AltaMira Press

Why All White Gold Is Plated

Why All White Gold Is Plated Did you know nearly all white gold is plated with another metal to make it the shiny white color that it is? Heres a look at what white gold is plated with and why it is plated in the first place. Rhodium Plates All White Gold Its an industry standard that all white gold used for jewelry is plated with rhodium. Why rhodium? It is a white metal that somewhat resembles platinum, forms a strong bond over the gold alloy, takes a high shine, resists corrosion and oxidation, and is well-tolerated by most people. Why Plate White Gold White gold usually is not white. The gold alloy normally is a dull yellowish or gray color. White gold consists of gold, which is yellow, plus silver (white) metals, such as nickel, manganese, or palladium. The higher the percentage of gold, the higher its karat value, but the more yellow its appearance. High karat white gold, such as 18k white gold, is soft and could be easily damaged in jewelry. The rhodium adds hardness and durability, makes all white gold a uniform color and protects the wearer from potentially problematic metals found in some white gold, such as nickel. The downside to white gold is that the rhodium coating, while durable, eventually wears down. While the gold underneath isnt harmed, its usually unattractive, so most people get their jewelry re-plated. Because rings are exposed to more wear and tear than other types of jewelry, they may require re-plating in as little as 6 months. Why Not Use Platinum In some cases, platinum is used to plate gold and silver jewelry. Both platinum and rhodium are noble metals that resist corrosion. In fact, rhodium is even more expensive than platinum. Rhodium is a bright silver color, while platinum is darker or more gray.

The Role of the State in Industrial Relations Personal Statement

The Role of the State in Industrial Relations - Personal Statement Example In France, the ‘Collective Agreements Act’ of 1950 provided an all-inclusive official framework for collective bargaining (p. 103). In Britain, until the 1970s IR system was less synchronized by law than other Western countries since there was an enduring practice of ‘voluntarism’ and self-sufficiency by the parties which had become part of the British cultural inheritance (p. 103). As Ron (1994) suggests most IR theory recognizes the limitations on state actions due to the power of other ‘actors’. Independent power can be achieved either through high degrees of concentration through a small number of large firms and large unions (in Germany) or potentially low independent power can be compensated through a large number of small and medium-sized employers (as in Germany) and unions (in Britain) acting through associations to compensate for their relative individual powerlessness (The State, p7). There are perhaps some desires to use the comparative studies for practical experience, or to use the IR systems of particular country which can demonstrate lack of higher success possibilities within the society – by means of rapid ‘rates of economic growth’ or an absence of serious industrial conflict – as ‘models’ to follow and possibly adopt (p.5). Today’s involvement recalls the historical influence of Hugh Clegg, Bill McCarthy, and Allan Flanders when industrial relations were a striking option for academics (Acken & Wilkinson 2003, p. xv). This shows a strapping return of unions although, thanks to the recent slump in these economies, some special effects of Employment relations remain at risk (p. xv) – as unions are united under a single restoration policy, that is, worn to shreds between the claims of adversarial management mixture and agility in bridge-building way of business and management (p. xv).

Global Trends in Crime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Global Trends in Crime - Research Paper Example These crimes have more or less infiltrated all corners of the globe, making the apprehension and prosecution process difficult and complicated to carry out. This paper shall discuss the current global trends in crimes, paying particular attention to the infiltration and increased rates of internet crimes and the remedies which have been set forth by the different governments of the world. This paper is being carried out with the hope of establishing a clear and comprehensive discussion of the subject matter and its impact on the governments and the general population. Discussion With the advent of information and communication advancements, the geographical borders of countries have become virtually penetrable (Rosenau, 1995). The porosity of our borders as well as the anonymity of transactions in the internet has created opportunities for criminals and violent groups, as well as for terrorist groups to expand their operations in the international scene. Government-supported cyber-te rrorism groups in some regions and hackers have strengthened their skills further in the digital world (Comite Europe’en Des Assurance, 2004). With the coordinated processes between organized crimes and the digital world, the general security of the global landscape has been made vulnerable (Williams, 2001). The Federal Bureau of Investigation sets forth that cyber criminals have launched attacks on many Fortune 500 corporations. In fact, based on reports by the International Data Corporation, about 39% of Fortune 500 companies have been attacked in the digital world via security breaches. Hackers have also been known to attack the Pentagon, the White House, and NATO (Lunev, 2001). Attacks on Microsoft have also led to the theft of their secret source codes; and credit card numbers from various banks have also been accessed illegally by these hackers. About 20 years ago, terrorist activities had to be carried out with much bloodshed and physical contact among combatants, and now, the digital world has made it possible to achieve the same ends of terrorism without the necessity of physical contact among combatants (Verton, 2002). Consequently, terrorism has become an even more dangerous practice and the FBI and other law enforcement authorities have recognized the dangers it poses to the general population. Through the rapid digitization of businesses and other political and social establishments, thieves and other criminals have also gone digital with the manner of their commission of crimes (Carblanc and Moers, 2003). These organizations and corporations have been prompted by these attacks to worry and protect the security of their digital networks. But these crimes seem to evolve as the digital technologies are also evolving. Some of these crimes shall be discussed in this paper. Cyber crimes or cyber attacks are simply defined as crimes which are carried out with the use of a computer network (Kshetri, 2005). In general, cyber crimes include critical infrastructure attack, fraud, online money laundering, criminal uses of Internet communications, identity fraud, use of computers to carry out traditional crimes and cyber extortions (Kshetri, 2005). Other cyber crimes include cyber-stalking and cyber bullying. Other cyber crimes are traditional crimes which are carried out with the use of computer networks. Some of these crimes shall be discussed below. One of the current concerns in the world of crime is the fact that it has become even more difficult to estimate the

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Timeline 1995 1996 Starbucks Coffee International is established. In August, Starbucks opens its first Starbucks store outside of North America in Tokyo, Japan through a jointventure agreement with Sazaby Inc. In December, Starbucks opens its first store in Singapore through a licensing agreement with Bonstar, Pte Ltd. 1997 In December, Starbucks opens its first store in Makati City, Philippines through a licensing agreement with Rustan Corporation. In July, Starbucks opens its first store in Bangkok, Thailand through a licensing agreement with Central Pattana, Plc. Coffee Partners (Thailand). In October, Starbucks opens its first store in Auckland, New Zealand through a licensing agreement with Restaurant Brands, Ltd. In December, Starbucks opens its first store in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia through a licensing agreement with Berjaya Group Berhad. 1999 In July, Starbucks opens its first store in Seoul, South Korea through a licensing agreement with Shinsegae Department Stores Co. , Ltd. In June, Starbucks Coffee International acquires 100 percent equity of Coffee Partners (Thailand), forming Starbucks Coffee (Thailand) Ltd. In July, Starbucks opens its first store in Sydney, Australia through a joint-venture agreement with a local Australian entrepreneur. In December, Starbucks Coffee International acquires 50 percent equity of South Korean operations from Shinsegae Department Stores Co. , Ltd. , creating a joint-venture partnership in South Korea. Starbucks opens its 100th Japanese store, in Akasaka. Starbucks is named â€Å"Number One Restaurant Chain† by Japan’s Nikkei Restaurant Magazine and â€Å"Best Product of the Year† by South Korea’s Joongang Daily Newspaper. 2001 2002 Starbucks Coffee Japan, Ltd. begins offering stock options for part- and full-time partners. In February, Starbucks Coffee International acquires 100 percent equity of its operations in Australia, forming Starbucks Coffee Company (Australia) Pty. Ltd. In May, Starbucks opens its first store in Jakarta, Indonesia through a licensing agreement with PT Mitra Adiperkasa. The first Starbucks Coffee Ambassador Cup is held in the Philippines. Starbucks Coffee Company (Australia) Pty. Ltd. inaugurates the Bandaged Bear Day Appeal. Starbucks receives the â€Å"Nikkei Superior Products and Service Award† in Japan. 2003 Starbucks launches the first Asian Commitment to Originsâ„ ¢ coffee, Muan Jai Blendâ„ ¢, sourced from the hills of Northern Thailand.  ©2009 STARBUCKS COFFEE COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 1998 1998 2000 2004 In July, Starbucks Coffee International acquires 100 percent equity of its operations in Singapore from Bonstar, Pte Ltd. , announcing the formation of Starbucks Coffee Singapore Pte. Ltd. Also in July, Starbucks Coffee International acquires 49. 9 percent equity of its operations in Malaysia, forming Berjaya-Starbucks Coffee Company Sdn. Bhd. Starbucks celebrates the opening of its 100th store in South Korea. 2005 Starbucks helps fund a free pediatric clinic in Penang through collaboration with HOPE worldwide Malaysia. Starbucks introduces ready-to-drink Starbucks Discoveries ® chilled cup coffee, in Japan and Taiwan. The drinks mark the company’s first RTD coffee offerings outside of North America. Starbucks introduces Starbucks bottled Frappuccino ® coffee drinks in South Korea. 2006 In August, Starbucks celebrates its 10th anniversary in Japan. Starbucks celebrates the opening of its 100th store in the Philippines and its 600th store in Japan. Starbucks introduces Starbucks Doubleshot ® espresso drinks in South Korea. 2007 In December, Starbucks celebrates its 10th anniversary in the Philippines. Starbucks celebrates the opening of its 100th store in Thailand and its 200th store in South Korea. Starbucks introduces Starbucks Discoveries ® chilled cup coffee in South Korea. 2008 In February, Starbucks celebrates the opening of its 100th store in Malaysia. In July, Starbucks celebrates its 10th anniversary in Thailand. In September, Starbucks introduces Starbucks Doubleshot ® espresso drinks in Japan. In October, Starbucks celebrates its 10th anniversary in New Zealand In November, Starbucks and partner Dong Suh Foods donate more than 3,000 books to sponsor the Starbucks Discoveries ® Dream Library program in Jeju Island, South Korea. The Dream Library marks the first charitable outreach program sponsored by Starbucks Global Consumer Products. In December, Starbucks celebrates its 10th anniversary in Malaysia. 2009 In February, Starbucks appoints Arun Bhardwaj interim president, Starbucks Coffee Asia Pacific. ###  ©2009. STARBUCKS COFFEE COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Free Color Purple Essays: It Was the Worst of Times :: Color Purple Essays

The Color Purple Essay: It Was the Worst of Times The book The Color Purple was written by Alice Walker.   The book was not written in a conventional manner.   It was a series of letters spanning the life of Celie, the main character.   Most of the letters were written by Celie and some by her sister Nettie.   The theme of the book is to be true to yourself in spite of difficulties and never let go of what you believe in.   Do not let people make you think you are something that you are not, then you have the will to survive during the worst of times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Color Purple is about Celie’s life.   In the beginning of the novel, we learn that Celie was raped by her father.   We also learn that Celie’s mother is ill and is unable to take care of the family.   Celie is forced to cook and clean for her family.   Celie conceived two children because of her father’s continuous raping.   She never sees her children and believes that her father killed them.   A man from town wanted to take Celie’s sister Nettie as a wife, but her father convinces the man to take Celie instead.   Celie is now forced to marry an older man who already has children.   Celie’s husband constantly beats and rapes her without any remorse.   He even made Celie nurse Shug Avery, his mistress, when she was ill.   It is now that Celie learns from Shug Avery about love.   Shug Avery encourages Celie not to take the abuse from her husband anymore and that she deserves bette r.   Celie would finally leave her husband when she found out that he kept her sister’s letters from her.   Nettie was the sole reason why Celie had managed to survive.   Celie could not tolerate any more abuse and left with Shug Avery and Mary Agnes.   Mary Agnes was Celie’s stepson’s mistress.   Celie eventually meets up with Nettie and her two children whom she believed to be dead.   She than goes back to her husband who has drastically changed since Shug Avery and Celie left.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This novel was set in the early 1900’s.   During this time, the black people were oppressed by white people.   They were abused and taken advantage of.   Not only were the black people were oppressed but also women were oppressed.   They had little freedom and were unable to be self-sufficient.

Essay †Analyse of John Proctor from Crucible Essay

John is a flawed man. How, in spite of this, does Arthur Miller develop his character so that we admire him more and more as the play progresses? ‘The crucible’, by Arthur Miller, is a play that clearly shows many human struggles. Many of these come about as a result of the strict puritan society, in Salem, Massachusetts, in the 1660’s witch trials. The first factor that the audience come across that start the hysteria is when some girls are caught dancing hiding in the woods. Because of how sinful it was to be seen doing ‘unchristian’ things, one of the girls, Betty, got so scared of what could be the consequences that she just lied down on a bed for 13 hours without moving. Miller shows through the play, how people would comment on this fact referring to witchcraft, leading everyone to believe in the false accusations. One of the main roles on the play is that of John Proctor. He initially gets involved on Betty’s case for his authority and respect from the others. Then, Miller presents Proctor as a lecher who abused the love of a 14 year-old girl, Abigail Williams, who would, later on, charge on the court Proctor’s wife, Elizabeth, of witchcraft imagining to get her out the way to Proctor. John Proctor, a farmer and a village resident in his middle thirties, ‘He was a kind of man of a powerful body, even tempered. In Proctor’s presence, a fool felt his foolishness instantly. ‘ (Stage directions, Act One, page 16). Since Reverend Parris is appointed to the church in Salem, John Proctor starts to create empathy against Parris’ superior attitude and greed. As well as Parris, Putnam is also an obtuse figure. Proctor clearly leaves this message on act one: ‘There is a party in this church. I am not blind; there is a faction and a party. ‘ (Parris, Act One) ‘Against him and all authority. ‘ (Putnam, Act One). Proctor uses this suspicion to provoke anger in Parris even further. ‘Why, then I must find it and join it. ‘ (Proctor, Act One). In the beginning, John truthfully tells Parris why he has not been at church recently. ‘I have trouble enough without I come five mile to hear him preach only hellfire and bloody damnation. Take it to heart, Mr. Parris. There are many others who stay away from church because you hardly ever mention God anymore. ‘ (Proctor, Act One). Proctor exceedingly allows the fact that he cannot associate with Parris go on across his religious side. ‘Tell me, you have three children? How come only two are baptized? ‘ (Hale, Act Two) ‘I like it not that Mr. Parris should lay his hand upon my baby. I see no light of God in that man. I’ll not conceal it. ‘ (Proctor, Act Two) John Proctor became a very guilty man with a troubled conscience, because of his affair with his servant Abigail. ‘Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time. But I will cut my hand before I’ll ever reach for you again. Wipe it out of mind. We never touched, Abby. ‘ (Proctor, Act One). Proctor has his mind set that he will not confess to anyone else about Abigail, in fear of ruining his good name and reputation. Once past the affair, Abigail became extremely jealous of Elizabeth Proctor. At the court, Abigail accused Elizabeth of witchcraft, by planning a way to look like Elizabeth watched Mary Warren make a doll and then she would have put a needle in the stomach of it, with the intention that the puppet would represent Abigail, herself. Abigail even stuck a needle into her own stomach to represent evidence. By the time Elizabeth was being arrested, Proctor, furious, accused Abigail and Parris’ revenge to be linked to his wife case: ‘If she is innocent! Why do you never wonder if Parris be innocent, or Abigail? Is the accuser always holy now? Were they born this morning as clean as God’s fingers? I’ll tell you what’s walking Salem – vengeance is walking Salem. We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, common vengeance writes the law! This warrant’s vengeance! I’ll not give my wife to vengeance! ‘ (Proctor, Act Two). It is obvious that Proctor cares and respects his wife Elizabeth when he decides to bring to an end his adulterous relationship with Abigail. The caring and respectful feelings are renewed into loving devotion when Elizabeth is unjustly charged as a witch. He promises her, ‘I’ll bring you home. I will bring you home soon! ‘ (Proctor, Act Two), as she leaves. With the idea of getting his wife released, Proctor threatened Mary Warren to confess the truth to the court. She was one of the girls that got caught dancing in the woods, and because of it was helping the court to find the supposed witches. In desperation, he acted in a brutal way even physically, until she would accept to stand by him on the court and, controversially from all the things that she had already said, confess that the witchcraft accusations were all pretence. ‘I will bring your guts into your mouth but goodness will not die for me. ‘ (Proctor, Act Two)

Social Norms Essay

Social norms are rules of certain kind of behavior that society uses to evaluate the population and provides normalcy. When it comes to responding to the breaking of social norms people have different ways to cope or react to it. Some reactions can be pleasant, some could be horrible or even judgmental. Some people believe breaking a social norm could be needed to help govern or control the society. On the other hand others believe breaking social norms are un-normal and that no one should break those rules. There are so many social norms that sometimes it feels impossible not to break any. Many social norms like walking on the wrong side of the sidewalk, talking to yourself in public, or even not wearing the same clothes everyone else thinks is cool could be a tremendous norm broken in today’s young society. An everyday norm would be wearing a clean shirt, but when you break that norm by not wearing a clean shirt, it was a drastic shock to the people that are stuck in the soc ieties mold. What if wearing a stained shirt was the normal thing to do for a certain person or group of persons? Are the people stuck in societies mold wrong for thinking their norm is correct? There really is no wrong or right answer to those questions because my normal way of looking at things may not be the same as the next persons. When doing my experiment of â€Å"breaking the social norm† by wearing a stained t-shirt I wasn’t really sure what to expect from most people, especially from the strangers. Most reactions I planned on receiving were all negative, let’s face the facts if you’re not up to par with society then you’re bound to get looked down on or belittled. The negative results outweigh the positive any day but there were positive and helpful reactions. I was really baffled from some of the positive reactions because I wasn’t expecting them. Some people reacted in a very stereotypical way that most in society would have react ed. My first reaction took place in the local Wal-Mart. As I walked into the store on February 26, 2014 around Five-thirty, I walked passed many gazing eyes that seemed to have confused looks on their faces. Well the stain made me feel like a target with an X in the middle. The feeling of being stared at I was certainly ready for. Just like in chapter one the sociological imagination connects to the personal troubles of public issues, which in this case my shirt was the public issues and norm I broke. People’s first reaction was to talk about me as I passed them. For example, one man about six feet tall, white, and stalky asked his wife â€Å"if I was blind and didn’t see the big stain on my shirt†. His reaction was a norm in itself. Peoples normal reaction when they see something that’s not normal is to gossip or talk about one another. My second reaction or run in happened in Wal-Mart also the same day. I walked into the milk department a young African American lady about five feet tall, long hair, and employee at Wal-Mart. She stared for a second and started to giggle as she giggled I tried to keep a straight face but at the same time I laughed a little bit myself. In her words she then asked me† if I knew that I had a hideous looking stain on my shirt†? I then replied with a shocking what are you talking about and kept walking. As I left the store there were still those gazing eyes as if I was a killer or some sort of illegal object. My first reactions to the people’s opinions in Wal-Mart were mutual. I went in already knowing people were going to talk about me behind my back so I didn’t really take the talking about me to heart. The situation with the young lady by the milk was a much unexpected reaction if you asked me. I’ve never had anyone I didn’t know really laugh at me in my face because of my physical traits or clothing. I feel that the man with his wife should have let me know something if he really wanted to help me out about getting the stained shirt cleaned up. Someone who wants to help to fix a problem will be very truthful with you but that’s only if they truly want to help. Another reaction happened in my neighborhood on February 28, 2014 around six o’clock. My neighbor and older man about sixty years old thought had been kicked out my home and was physically hurt. He didn’t say anything to me as I walked passed his house a few times until the last time I walked by he asked â€Å"if I needed him to call 911†. Now I was truly shocked at these accusations from the man because I never thought anyone really mistake the stain as blood. My reaction to the man’s comments were very brief because I didn’t want to give away that it wasn’t real. I just let him know that I was fine and didn’t need anything. I walked to a local 7-11 also to see people’s reaction that was familiar with my face. Some people even offered me money during this part of this test. As I sat on the ledge next to the store many people walked by with very disordered faces as if they saw a ghost. A young girl maybe 14 years of age walked up to me and offered me money and a sandwich which really made have a confused look on my face. I knew I wasn’t poor or homeless but the stain and the disorder of my outfit made the young girl feel bad for me as if I was homeless. I was shocked but then again I wasn’t because most people do stereotype against others sitting outside of a store with nasty looking clothes. So I didn’t really take the charity to heart but I didn’t accept the money either. While experimenting on breaking social norms I had reacted different on every occasion and I received some sort of different reactions from all of these strangers. I didn’t agree on all of the reactions but I had to suck it up knowing those were normal everyday reactions from people. The live reactions all connected in some way to the previous chapters and notes that were reviewed in class. The reaction from the young girl giving me money connects to people being stereotypical. Sociological Perspective connects to all of the people who reacted to my stain because sociological Perspective is the social contexts in which we all live in. Sociologist C Wright Mills stated that â€Å"sociological perspective allows us to gasp the connection between history and biography†. (Wright 1959: 4, 5-7). Which means that each society is located in a broad stream of events. Which means that each society has its own characteristics. Wearing clean clothes and walking on the right side of the sidewalk would be our characteristic here in America. This connects back to how me wearing a stained shirt is not history that us human beings are used to. You can compare many broken social norms and different reactions all day but can we honestly say that every reaction will be the same? No I don’t think everyone will be the same but most will be the same because that’s just how our society works. Breaking social norms can be done and usually is done every day by people but we just have to keep pushing to be better and understand. Social norms are created to mold society and how people live in the society. Remember social norms don’t make or create people it just creates a better or worst environment around you and your peers. .

Edvard Munch Essays

Edvard Munch Essays Edvard Munch Paper Edvard Munch Paper Edvard Munch is regarded as the pioneer of the Expressionist movement in modern painting. At an early stage Munch was recognised in Germany and central Europe as one of the creators of a new and different movement of art, that helped artists to express their feelings about all the social change that was happening around them. Munch was born in 1863, and before long he had come to know the intensity of emotional pain. His father was a doctor who often bought patients to the Munch home. His mother died when Edvard was five years old, his older sister died of disease at the age of fifteen, and Edvard himself was often ill. One of his youngest sisters was also diagnosed with a mental illness at an early age. With death and illness as a major element in his life, he felt the need to find a way of expressing this. After a year at a Technical school to study engineering, Munch became dedicated to his artwork. He left Technical school and entered a school of design. In 1886 he produced the painting titled The Sick Child, which was inspired by the death of his sister Sophie. Munch produced the image six times in oils and twice in prints, slowly developing the technique that gave the final, intensely textured and dark painting. People objected to the technique Munch used in this painting, complaining that it was crudely painted but to him it opened new paths for myself. It became a breakthrough in my art. Most of my later works owe their existence to this picture. After a one-man exhibition, he managed to gain scholarships, which enabled him to move to France. During his time in Paris he explored a way of painting that focused on the art of symbolism and expressing of the emotions through application of paint and certain techniques that he adopted from the French Impressionists. Munch produced a series of paintings he named The Frieze of Life which he exhibited at a major art show in Berlin in 1892. The paintings caused such sho Edvard Munch Essays Edvard Munch Paper Edvard Munch Paper Edvard Munch was an amazing talented artist. His obsession with death caused most of his pictures to portray an image of death, despair and anxiety. The Norwegian artist struggled with tragdies at a young age. These tragdies plagued Munch throughout his life, causing him to have a nervous break down and problems in relationships. Despite his dark background Edvard Munchs talent and love for the art forced him to become the clearest impressionist. Edvard Munch adopted the view of painting in series. His familiarity with death and despair helped him name the series of Frieze of Life and divide his series into four thematic heads, Loves Awakening, Loves Blossoms and Dies, Fear of Life, and Death. These series are linked in vertical lines and horizontal lines. With in theses four categories there are at least ten paintings. A comparison of one painting from in each series, and an explanation of Edvard Munchs background will explain the tormented soul and innovative work of the impressi onist Edvard Munch. Born December 12 1863, Edvard Munch was the second son to Dr. Christian and Laura Catherine. They had a large family, five children two sons and three daughters. Munch was only a live a short period of time before experiencing tragde. At age five, Edvard Munch loses his mother to the illness, tuberculosis. This left Edvard motherless, but not helpless his mothers sister Karin took over the household. This lost will have an impact on Munchs relationships with women. Following the death of his mother, Edvard sister Sophie dies of tuberculerlosis the illness becomes an obsession of Edvard Munchs. Despite his losses, in 1879 Edvard attends college for engineering. A year later he quits college and decides to paint, which was his passion. He starts attending Oslo Drawing Academy and sells two pictures, one being hisfirst self portrait. In 1883 he is asked to join the Oslo

How the Great Depression Altered US Foreign Policy

How the Great Depression Altered US Foreign Policy As Americans suffered through the Great Depression of the 1930s, the financial crisis influenced U.S. foreign policy in ways that pulled the nation even deeper into a period of isolationism. While the exact causes of the Great Depression are debated to this day, the initial factor was World War I. The bloody conflict shocked the global financial system and altered the worldwide balance of political and economic power. The nations involved in World War I had been forced to suspend their use of the gold standard, long the determining factor in setting international currency exchange rates, in order to recover from their staggering war costs. Attempts by the U.S., Japan, and the European nations to re-instate the gold standard during the early 1920s left their economies without the flexibility they would be needed to cope with the financial hard times that would come in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Along with the great U.S. stock market crash of 1929, economic difficulties in Great Britain, France, and Germany coincided to create a global â€Å"perfect storm† of financial crises. Attempts by those nations and Japan to hold on to the gold standard only worked to fuel the storm and hasten the onset of a global depression. Depression Goes Global With no coordinated international system of dealing with a worldwide depression in place, the governments and financial institutions of the individual nations turned inward. Great Britain, unable to continue in its long-held role as the mainstay and chief ​money lender of the international financial system, became the first nation to permanently abandon the gold standard in 1931. Preoccupied with its own Great Depression, the United States was unable to step in for Great Britain as the world’s â€Å"creditor of last resort,† and permanently dropped the gold standard in 1933. Determined to resolve the global depression, leaders of the world’s largest economies convened the London Economic Conference of 1933. Unfortunately, no major agreements came out of the event and the great global depression persisted for the rest of the 1930s. Depression Leads to Isolationism In struggling with its own Great Depression, the United States sank its foreign policy even deeper into post-World War I stance of isolationism. As if the Great Depression was not enough, a series of world events that would result in World War II added to Americans’ desire for isolation. Japan seized most of China in 1931. At the same time, Germany was expanding its influence in Central and Eastern Europe, Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935. The United States, however, chose not to oppose any of these conquests. To a large degree, Presidents Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt were constrained from reacting to international events, no matter how potentially dangerous, by the demands of the public to deal exclusively with domestic policy, primarily bringing an end to the Great Depression. Having witnessed the horrors of World War I, Hoover, like most Americans, hoped to never see the United States involved in another world war. Between his election November 1928 and his inauguration in March 1929, he traveled to the nations of Latin America hoping to win their trust by promising that the U.S. would always honor their rights as independent nations. Indeed, in 1930, Hoover announced that his administration’s foreign policy would recognize the legitimacy  of the governments of all Latin American countries, even those whose governments did not conform to American ideals of democracy. Hoover’s policy was a reversal of President Theodore Roosevelt’s policy of using force if necessary to influence the actions of Latin American governments. Having withdrawn American troops from Nicaragua and Haiti, Hoover proceeded to avoid U.S. intervention in some 50 Latin American revolutions, many of which resulted in the establishment of anti-American governments. As a result, America’s diplomatic relations with the Latin American warmed during the Hoover presidency. Under the 1933 Good Neighbor Policy of President Franklin Roosevelt, the United States reduced its military presence in Central and South America. The move greatly improved U.S. relations with Latin America, while making more money available for depression-fighting initiatives at home. Indeed, throughout the Hoover and Roosevelt administrations, the demand to rebuild the American economy and end rampant unemployment forced U.S. foreign policy onto the backmost burner †¦ at least for a while. The Fascist Effect While the mid-1930s saw the rise conquest of militaristic regimes in Germany, Japan, and Italy, the United States remained entrenched in isolation from foreign affairs as the federal government struggled with the Great Depression. Between 1935 and 1939, the U.S. Congress, over the objections of President Roosevelt, enacted a series of Neutrality Acts specifically intended to prevent the United States from taking any role of any nature in potential foreign wars. The lack of any significant U.S. response to the invasion of China by Japan in 1937 or the forced occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany in 1938 encouraged the governments of Germany and Japan to expand the scope of their military conquests. Still, many U.S. leaders continued to believe the need to attend to its own domestic policy, mainly in the form of ending the Great Depression, justified a continued policy of isolationism. Other leaders, including President Roosevelt, believed that U.S. non-intervention simple allowed the theaters of war to grow ever-closer to America. As late as 1940, however, keeping the U.S. out of foreign wars had widespread support from the American people, including high-profile celebrities like record-setting aviator Charles Lindbergh. With Lindbergh as its chairman, the 800,000-member-strong America First Committee lobbied Congress to oppose President Roosevelt’s attempts to provide war materials to England, France, the Soviet Union, and the other nations fighting the spread of fascism. When France finally fell to Germany in the summer of 1940, the U.S. government slowly started increasing its participation in the war against fascism. The Lend-Lease Act of 1941, initiated by President Roosevelt, allowed the president to transfer, at no cost, arms and other war materials to any â€Å"government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.† Of course, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1942, thrust the United States fully into World War II and ended any pretense of American isolationism. Realizing that the nation’s isolationism had to some degree contributed to the horrors of World War II, U.S. policymakers once again began to emphasize the importance of foreign policy as a tool in preventing future global conflicts. Ironically, it was the positive economic impact of America’s participation in World War II, which had been long-delayed in part by the Great Depression that at last pulled the nation out of its longest economic nightmare.

Ethical issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Ethical issues - Essay Example The patients’ relatives asked me for assistance since this was a case of HMO insurance. Without having much experience, I made it a point to tell them that they need to wait for the next available manager. The HMO insurance organization’s reputation was at risk and I needed to do something on my own since it was taking too much time for someone to assist me. Despite the fact that, the whole process was being mismanaged and I did not like the situation that I was forced to overcome. Moreover, I was glad that I was able to win the deal with the HMO insurance case in a professional manner and resolve the dispute that came about as a result. However, the character of the medical profession was under a serious question and this needed to be resolved at the earliest. I immediately called the staff from the cafeteria which was having lunch and asked them to attend to the HMO insurance case. They came running to assist the case so that the insurance process could be resolved professionally. The conscience of the staff was apparent since they almost skipped their meals and showed their real moral character to deal with this HMO insurance scenario. Nevertheless, my senior processor step in and assured me that she would handle it from here, because I was not yet ready to undertake HMO insurance job responsibilities at that time. In conclusion, I was congratulated for my performance and I was moved swiftly through training and I was working as a HMO insurance analyst within two weeks of the

Mexican Drug Cartels as a Security Threat Essay

Mexican Drug Cartels as a Security Threat - Essay Example question that in recent years Mexican gangs and drug cartels have had a significant impact on the politics of Mexico through the use of political violence. According to Reuters (2010) it is the case that Gunmen working for a mayoral candidate for the PAN Party (Partido Accià ³n Nacional) in Valle Hermoso as the candidate frequently spoke out against drug abuse and the dangers of drug violence. On the other side of the political spectrum it was the case that in Nuevo Laredo in May 2010 hitmen employed by the drug cartels killed two campaigners who worked for a ‘Leftist’ political candidate and then spread printed messages warning all people of the dangers related to supporting that political candidate. According to Ellingwood (2010) the best estimate of the death toll resulting from the Mexican war on drugs is approximately 22,000. With a death toll this high there is little question that the consequences of this war on drugs are severe. It is upon this foundation that the Drug Cartels utilize not only assassination as a direct means of enforcing obedience (Insofar as they simply kill political candidates that oppose them. These drug cartels also go so far as to employ a kind of psychological warfare by using murder as a significant threat to common people for supporting candidates that are against the drug cartels ex. â€Å"Look what happened to those who supported this candidate†¦ this could happen to you!† The former and the latter both represent a kind of terrorism insofar as they are by no means isolated incidents and by completely disregarding non-combatants, and utilizing policies that instill fear into the populous they are indeed committing acts of terror. Moreover the effect is felt across the border in the United States. Much of the drug trade involves smuggling drugs across the border and any intervention from American police forces, drug enforcement agency (DEA) etc. is likely to be met

Gaming management (topic not chosen yet) Research Paper

Gaming management (topic not chosen yet) - Research Paper Example In fact, the industries have contributed $15.3 billion annually to the economy; employed more than 135,000 Canadians; and generated an annual gross economic output of nearing $29 billion (Girvan, 2008). It has also become highly categorical; and take in the form of machine gaming, state controlled gaming, table gaming, riverboat gaming, charitable gaming and others (Merfels, 1995). In addition, Casino jobs are good jobs; in fact, the employee's average annual income is around $30,000, and generally, these jobs provide retirement benefits and health insurance. As an added plus, casino industry also has superior track record of hiring workforce locally and training the underemployed, the unemployed, and minority members of society. Other than that, casino gaming also produces indirect jobs, through the purchase The Role of Amenities 3 of both goods and services (Harrah's Entertainment, 2000). While its not very obvious, the history of marketing casino and the difficulties of measuring its marketing activities have greatly influence modern practices. In specific, many of today's activities in casino marketing practices rooted from a time when the conditions of supply and demand were very favorable; there were great population of gamblers while limited sites of casino (Lucas & Kilby, 2007). This research explores the role of amenities in the casino marketing success and profitability which can benefit many stakeholders like investors, consumers and the local industry prior to or even the existing operations. Problem Statement This research intends to explore the role of amenities in the marketing success and profitability of Casino industries. In particular, it seeks to address the following queries: 1. What are the existing amenities established in most casinos in the area of ____________________ ? 2. What are the diverse roles served by the amenities in most casinos? 3. Do amenities produce significant impact in the casino marketing strategies and profitability? 4. What is the level of marketing strategies and profitability in casino businesses with and without amenities? The Role of Amenities 4 5. How profitable is the casino business with and without amenities? Hypothesis Ho: Amenities have no significant impact in the casino marketing strategies and profitability. Literature Review The gambling industry is just the same as any other entertainment industry. The businesses utilize hotels, computers, video equipment, machines, croupiers, new games and new technologies for the purpose of selling the games, which are being invented. It is also linked with the plays or ballets production and operas, combined with hotels, theaters and concert halls which can also be added attraction. Consumers pay for the tickets, while singers, artists and theater-owners acquire the more money (Harrah's Entertainment, 2000). In a casino business a quality marketing activity and well-defined measurement plan must be set. An advance statistical methods must be r equired to calculate effectiveness of marketing strategies, because in the absence of these, will result to serious problems. The most common shortcomings of casino industries are the feedback and

The Common European Framework For Languages English Language Essay

The Common European Framework For Languages English Language Essay The teaching and learning of languages in Germany in school contexts changed a lot in the last years. The trend in terms of education policy of standardization and competence orientation dominates more and more the German language teaching. The policy supports in an active way this reform. One of the most influential documents of this development is the Common European framework for languages. Its influence is in Germany especially strong since the authors of the German education standards for the first foreign language adopted nearly completely its concept. In this work I will show what the reform of language teaching in Germany mean. I will find answers for the question what competence orientated foreign language teaching is and I will consider how the Common European framework for languages and the German education standards for the first foreign language are related to this trend. Finally I will weight the positive aspects up against the problematic points of this development. 2. Reform of German foreign language teaching development of a competence orientated learning and teaching For quite a while the teaching and learning of languages in Germany in school contexts is influenced from a trend in terms of educational policy, called competence orientated teaching. (Hu 2008: S. 1) But what exactly is this trend, which dominates the discussion of the scientific community of those concerned with foreign language teaching and research? What is the potential of the changes which are accompanied by the competence orientated teaching and which aspects of this trend are controversial? A long time language teaching in German schools aimed to the instruction for four language skills: oral comprehension, written comprehension, speaking and writing. The teaching and learning of foreign languages was therefore clearly geared toward the language system of the respective language. (Hu, Leupold 2008: 52) Changes of the conditions of the external world, such as the progression of the globalisation, an increase of mobility of the people, relating to the evolution of globalisation and the phenomenon of migration lead to a different target of language teaching. The objective of language teaching in German schools was now the training of a so-called competence of communication. Before that time, the language system of the respective language was the focus of language teaching. After the change of the role of foreign languages in the life, the focus of learning and teaching languages was that the learners become able to express whatever it is they want to express. (Hu, Leupold 2008: 53) The Pragmatics, a subfield of linguistic, explained the complexity of the competence of communication by dividing it in several parts: linguistic competence, socio-linguistic competence, competence of discourse, strategically competence, socio-cultural competence, social competence. (Hu, Leupold 2008: 53) All in all, the development of language teaching in Germany is often described by scientific community as a change from orientation towards the input to an orientation towards the output. No longer the contents that the pupil has to learn are considered as the most important question of educational policy. The competences, abilities that the pupils can achieve by learning quite different contents are now the focus of the discussion in terms of educational policy. (Weil 2010: 16) In Germany that restructuring was especially driven forward after the so-called shock of Pisa in 2000. The Kultusministerkonferenz  [1]  (KMK) developed a strategy, a key element of which are the German education standards for the first foreign language (English/French) and the included idea of competence orientated teaching. The plan is to develop medium or long term aims for each subject of the German education system. The targets should be competence orientated and clearly fixed, so that it is possible to peer-review them. This project both challenged and changed the teaching and learning of languages in Germany. The idea of competence orientated language teaching is reflected in different parts of the German school system: in the education standards for the first foreign language, which is based on the Common European framework for languages, in exams comparing the accomplishment of all German pupils at a certain age, in types of exercises, which have to be involved in all language classes of German schools, etc. One of the most important or maybe the most important event of the described reform of learning and teaching languages is the Common European framework of languages in Germany. That is why this document will be the focus of the next part of my work. In the first part of this chapter I will look into what kind of document the CEFR is. In the second part I will show the implementation of the document in the German education system of language teaching. In the third part I will consider the reception of the CEFR and the idea of competence orientated teaching. 3. The Common European framework for languages 3.1 What is the CEFR? The CEFR was published in 2000 as result of many years of work on the European level. One year later a version in German language was published. The primary goal of the document was to create a closer unity between the member states. Therefore the target of the CEFR is first of all politically motivated. (Hu 2008: 4) Other important intentions of the CEFR can be summarized as follows: Intensification of learning and teaching languages, so that the people of the European Union have more mobility and so that a international communication can be more effective support of the concept of a European plurilingualism lifelong language learning to make the recognition of language qualifications easier to create the possibility of comparison of programmes for language learning, for language certificates to create more transparency and to describe realistic goals of language learning (chapter 1 of the CEFR) In the CEFR language is always considered, as we can see in the first chapter of the long document, as kind of a human action. In the concept of the CEFR learning a language serves for communication. The division of the complex ability to have mastered a foreign language in several parts, that can be assessed, has an especially huge influence of language teaching. Here you can see which different competences, considered as important for learning a language, are listed in the CEFR: declarative knowledge (savoir) knowledge about the world socio-cultural knowledge intercultural awareness skills and procedural knowledge (savoir-faire) practical skills intercultural skills competences of personality (savoir-à ªtre) ability to learn (savoir-apprendre) So the traditional targets of language learning are extended in the CEFR by up to other intentions, that where unconsidered until then: Techniques and strategies about how to learn are presented as important aspects of language learning. The cultural dimension of learning foreign languages is represented and the CEFR also pays some attention to the demands of the personality of the learner which are related to the process of language learning. Besides this, the process of learning languages was, in the CEFR, for the first time analysed in an instrumental-functional way by dividing the process of learning in six levels. (Caspari, Grà ¼newald etc. 2008: 1) The reference levels of the CEFR serve to describe the progresses in the process of learning. It is therefore evident that the underlying concept of language of the CEFR is an instrumental-functional one. Appropriate to his competences a language learner belongs after the concept of the CEFR to one of the three broad divisions, which can be divided into six levels. Here the structuring of learning languages which is developed by the authors of the CEFR: A Basic Speaker A1 Breakthrough or beginner A2 Waystage or elementary B Independent Speaker B1 Threshold or pre-intermediate B2 Vantage or intermediate C Proficient Speaker C1 Effective Operational Proficiency or upper intermediate C2 Mastery or advanced 3.2 The implementation of the CEFR in Germany: the CEFR as underlying concept of the education standards for the first foreign language After I have outlined what kind of document the CEFR is, I will describe his implementation in the German education standards for the first foreign language and with that his enormous influence on language teaching in German schools. In 2000, for the first time the international school study PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) was performed. This is an international evaluation of the scholastic performance of 15-year-old pupils, which is coordinated by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The relatively bad results of the German pupils (Born 2003) revealed the discrepancy between the targets and the requirements of the educational system and the real results. Because of the PISA results of 2000, the German educational policy was under big political pressure for action. (Caspari, Grà ¼newald etc. 2008: 1) In this conditions, the Kultusministerkonferenz passed education standards for the first foreign language (English/French) in 2003. These standards give information about the required standard of a pupil after having been at school for ten years, after the lower secondary school. These actions in term of educational policy should, at least at medium-term, improve the scholastic performance of German pupils and give Germany the chance to get a better ranking in the future. (Klieme, Leutner 2006: 876) The standardization of learning languages was a special case because a system of levels already existed from the CEFR. So the existing work form the Council of Europe was taken up. The B1 level was used as the basis for the level, which was expected at the end of lower secondary school. The educational standards describe consequently as well as the CEFR the expected normal level and not a minimal level. (Kunze 2007: 236) Since the educational standards practically adopted the skills of the CEFR, two more or less simultaneous developments in educational policy with original different intentions, coincided: the possibility to compare language competences in Europe and the goal in term of educational policy to describe accurately which competences are expected from the pupils at a certain grade, so that the scholastic performance can be assessed in a well founded way. (Hu 2008: 5) In spite of the different intentions the education standards for the first foreign language are clearly based on the CEFR. Also the division of the very complex competence to have mastered a language follows the example of the CEFR. Merely the terms and the presentation are different. The concept is nearly the same: skills of communication oral comprehension written comprehension speaking writing translating handling of the language system (grammar and vocabulary) vocabulary grammar pronunciation and intonation orthography intercultural competences socio-cultural knowledge comprehensive way to handle cultural differences coping with intercultural situations in practice competences of methods reception of texts (oral and written comprehension) ability to interact with texts production of texts (speaking and writing) strategies of learning presentation; to handle with mediums being conscious about the process of learning By the implementation of the CEFR in the German education standards, the European Councils document of learning and teaching of languages has a large influence on the language teaching in German schools. That is the reason why the CEFR is conspicuously often discussed by the German scientific community of those concerned with foreign language teaching and research. 3.3 Reception of the Common European framework for languages in Germany In this last part of my work I will consider the controversial discussion about the CEFR, its positive aspects and its weak spots. First I will speak about the positive points of the CEFR. Later I will present aspects which are criticised and at last I will give a short personal view on the CEFR and the underlying concept of language learning. 3.3.1 Positive aspects of the CEFR The CEFR led to a fundamental discussion of the teaching and learning of languages and it brought up the question about what the global targets of learning foreign languages are. The function of the CEFR as a stimulus to think about the being of language teaching is clearly profitable for future teaching and learning of languages. The process of rethinking traditions which was activated this way has shown for example one more time that the grammar focussed language teaching can not be justified by the actual point of view. (Neuner 2003) Many see the standardization of language learning positively, especially in Germany. Since the sixteen federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany have developed their own targets up to that time, the demands in the various parts of Germany were often quite different. Therefore a standardization of the global intention and the expected competences from the pupil, was necessary to support the pupils in achieving mobility and to create more justice for the pupils in Germany. (Caspari, Grà ¼newald etc. 2008: 9) A great step forward for language teaching, which is related to the CEFR, is the change of perspective on the process of learning. Before that, the judgements of the pupils performance was usually made deficit orientated. Faults and aspects of the language at which the pupils arent good were the focus of traditional language teaching. The CEFR lead however to a perspective in which the already acquired competences are focused. (Caspari, Grà ¼newald etc. 2008: 9-10) Like this change of perspective, the division of the global language-competence in several parts, as well as the organization in six levels influence the motivation of learner and teacher in a positive way. The process of learning a language is getting more structured and can be better organized. (Caspari, Grà ¼newald etc. 2008: 10) 3.3.2 Criticised aspects of the CEFR and his implementation in the German education system After the presentation of all this positive aspects I will show some examples of important points that are criticised. Problematic in the reform of the German education system by the implementation of the described standards is, that the teachers arent sufficiently involved. There are only very little workshops for introducing the teacher to the new way. (Caspari, Grà ¼newald etc. 2008: 11) Besides the underlying concept of language is often considered as one-sided: only the instrumental-functional aspect of language is taken into consideration. Aesthetic, creative and cultural dimensions of language are for example neglected. (Caspari, Grà ¼newald etc. 2008: 12) Another paradox problem related to the concept of competence orientated teaching is, that competences like intercultural competences, that are hard to assess, will be probably neglected in this reform, even if it is listed in the CEFR and the German education standards. Under the pressure of proving, that certain targets are reached, it is not surprising, that at first those goals which are hard to assess will be neglected. (Hu 2008: 6) All in all the emotional aspect of learning a language is not sufficiently taken into consideration. The importance to consider the needs and interests of learners are not really appreciated. (Kà ¶nigs 2003: 115) 4. Conclusion The precedent considerations about the development in educational policy show that a reform of language teaching in Germany was necessary. The results of the Pisa-studies 2000 made this necessity obvious. Nevertheless the changes are discussed in a controversial way and there are many aspects which have to be criticised. Especially the concept of language which underlie the idea of competence orientated language teaching is in several aspects problematic. It is one-sided instrumental-functional and overlook the creative, aesthetic and cultural dimension of languages. In my personal experience this aspects of foreign languages were always very important in the process of learning a language a way which is sometimes hard to go. That is why the needs and interest of language learners are extremely important aspects in the language-learning-process and why they it is important to involve them more in the actual development.